Fast : inability to fast, part 2

The last group of people who are exempt from fasting are patients who have some legitimate excuse for not fasting, as fasting will cause damage to their health or be excessively difficult for them, or their illness will become more severe or linger on if they fast, or a trustworthy physician has told them that fasting is highly likely to damage their health. However, not every physician can make one exempt from fasting and only trustworthy physicians can do so. But nonetheless, even if a trustworthy physician makes one exempt from fasting and yet one acquires certainty that fasting does not do them harm, then they are obligated to fast. Also, physicians may forbid an individual to fast only on the condition that they deem it highly probable that fasting will be harmful and, if the possibility of harm is low, they cannot exempt one from fasting. In any case, if one does not fast as a result of some illness, but they recover from it until the Ramadan of the following year, they must make up for the missed fasts. Otherwise, it is not incumbent on them to make up for the missed fasts and giving kaffārah is sufficient. Cirrhosis is a kind of disease that affects the liver and people who are suffering from this disease are allowed not to fast as it is extremely difficult for them since this kind of disease makes one extremely thirsty. However, such people had better suffice to drinking water as much as they need during the month of Ramadan and if they become able to fast later, based on obligatory precaution, they should make up for the missed fasts. However, if they are not able to fast until the following year, they must give kaffārah for each fast they have missed.